Population gentics and the Hardy Weinberg Theorm essays

Population gentics and the Hardy Weinberg Theorm essays Population Genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem When thinking of population genetics there are two key names that mark important moments in the history of science. Darwinian selection, which includes Darwins four postulations one: stating that individuals within a species will vary, two: stating some variations are passed on to off spring, three: stating more offspring are produced that can survive, and four: stating individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce (Jones, 200.) Also the idea of Mendelian inheritance, which included the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. Together these two different theories are the key ideas involved in the birth of population genetics, and in modern times thought of as going hand in hand. However, Mendel and his ideas were very much ignored during the height of Darwins theories. When Mendel was rediscovered later in the early 20th century, scientists began using terms such as population, gene pool, and allel e frequency as a common language linking these two theories together (Vogel, 2002.) The Hardy-Weinberg theorem named after the two scientists that structured the principle of the non-evolving population in 1908 puts the lingering questions about evolution to rest. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem assumes that for a population to be in equilibrium it must satisfy five conditions to exist (Campbell-Reece, 2003.) They are, no genetic drift, which are changes in gene frequency from generation in a small population as a result of random processes. No gene flow, which is the exchange of genes between different populations of the same species caused by migration following breeding. No selection, this results from the differential reproduction of one phenotype, it also determines the relative share of different genotypes that individuals possess and propagate in a population. No random mating or mutation, wh...

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Auditing - Essay Example Adverse views are those that auditors believe to bear misleading information and are therefore unreliable. Those that lack sufficient evidence to enable judgement are the disclaimers. The Hawke’s Bay Cultural Trust is one of the firms that received a non-standard audit opinion on the year beginning on April 1st 2004 and ending on March 31st 2005. It got a full adverse opinion on 30th June 2004. The purpose of receiving this stance is the trust failed to recognize the whole value of its compendium of assets. It also had no idea of the concomitant expense in depreciation in its financial records. These misdoings go against the third standard of financial reporting i.e. accounting for plant, equipment and property. It expects business entities to recognize the asset collections not achieved before to be recognized at reasonable value without forgetting to depreciate it (Audit Guidance Statement 14). The Trust is a corporation that specializes in the management of all issues concerning heritage, culture and arts on an assimilated region. Its role is to provide services in the fields of heritage, culture as well as art and related programs to those residing in Hawkes’s Bay. It also provides education and information to the Hastings District community in its areas of specialty among other roles Attached is a copy of the audit report to the readers of the Hasting’s community for the year that ended on thirtieth June two thousand and four. The company received a disclaimer because the liquidity levels were much higher than expected, resulting from an increase in surplus coupled with the degree of labor brought forward to the year 2004/05. Secondly, the present portion of term indebtedness of two million U. S dollars exceeded the long-term financial strategy budget. There were capsizing finances as a consequence of the decision to utilize internal borrowing to avoid the creation of more sinking funds (Audit Guidance Statement

Suggest a Strategy for Nan Fung Group up to 2021 Essay

Suggest a Strategy for Nan Fung Group up to 2021 - Essay Example Strategy formation: Many organizations face pluralism; meaning conflicting objectives from different stakeholders. Usually there is a conflict between share holders, management, employees and customers. However, in NanFung case there is extremely low pluralism..Customers are an active part of the board that governs NanFung along with local authority members. As a result the views and interests of the stakeholders move in the same direction to promote the welfare of the community. When developing strategies, all internal and external factors should be taken into account. NanFung housing has major strengths compared to other smaller associations but when compared to larger associations it lacks consistency in service and customer focus. Although many improvements have been recorded in significant weak areas such as diversity performance and cutting the time taken to let out empty properties there is a lack of initiative on the value for money front. NanFung should focus its strategy on four weak areas; customer focus, diversity and equality, value for money and internal processes. Strategy implementation: NanFung needs to improve customer focus and make sure it is instilled in every aspect of service. Even in strong areas such as gas servicing and repair services, the customer centric approach is lacking as appointments have to be made by customers and routine checks are no longer in place. The customers need to be made aware of the services that the association offers and what level of service to expect. This can be done by implementing routine checks and maintaining a higher standard in customer service. NanFung has already developed specific standards in consultation with its tenants but there needs to be follow through. During new lettings all information must be provided to customers. Customer needs should be anticipated rather than just responded to. Gas servicing reports should be provided to the board on a regular basis. As majority of the tenants are age d and many face disabilities, the association should not wait for requests for adaptation and aid rather provide them from the beginning. As this is the majority segment communities should be focused singularly on their needs and satisfaction. NanFung should comprehensively address the diverse needs of its tenants. Although it has recently started making use of diversity data in it services there is still much progress to be made. NanFung must ensure that all staff is trained and aware of the diverse needs of clients and questions or requests are not required. Satisfaction levels amongst diverse customers must be monitored and assessed. At present there are no measures to assess this factor. There should be recording of calls and of diverse backgrounds on satisfaction surveys to record feedback from diverse clients. NanFung should focus on meeting diversity and equality requirements. These measures will help NanFung provide tailored services. They will also decrease costs as it will enable efficiency and effectiveness of service to diverse customers. The value for money strategy is an imperative part of TSA’s standards. It has been in place for long period and NanFung has failed to fully implement it and reap its benefits. The strategy focuses on economy, efficiency and effectiveness. VFM means attaining the best outcomes with the available resources. NanFung faces high void costs and is focusing on decreasing the time taken to let out empty property. It is succeeding to a certain extent but the focus is not

Breakfast cereal market US & Canada Essay Example for Free

Breakfast cereal market US Canada Essay The US breakfast cereal market declined by 12. 5 % between 1995 and 2000 due to the changing lifestyles. The customers were in a hurry and started to go in for handheld breakfast options such as muffins, bagels or doughnuts. The figure below shows the state-wise distribution of the supply and demand for the breakfast cereal industry in United States. Fig – 10 Supply and demand of Breakfast cereal in US by state (Dept. Of Homeland Security, 2007, p. 16) US, as was seen earlier, is a major exporter of breakfast cereals. The figure below shows the top export markets for US origin break fast cereal. As can be seen from the figure Canada and Mexico are the biggest destination for these exports. Fig – 11 Top Export Markets for US origin Breakfast cereals (USDA, 2005, p. 12) Breakfast cereal market Europe As in US, cereals were not a part of usual breakfast menu in Europe. However, breakfast cereals have seen a growth in Europe in recent times. This is probably because cereals are increasingly being accepted in Europe as a health and convenience food. Following are the trends of five key markets in Europe: ? Germany – In Germany there was a trend of families eating together at the breakfast table. This trend is increasingly changing which is seen as an opportunity for the growth of small-pack or single-portion of foods. Breakfast cereal manufacturers’ trends towards product diversification would be extremely helpful in increasing this share. ? France – In France, breakfast is not traditionally a large meal. This trend is changing with the launch of particular breakfast cereal products such as those containing chocolate flakes or chunks which has led to an increase in the sales volume of breakfast cereals in the country. ? Spain – Spain is becoming increasingly health conscious because of the declining birth rate and ageing population. This has prompted the need for healthy eating which ahs automatically led to an increase in the sales of breakfast cereals in the country. ? UK – In UK too the trend is moving away from traditional breakfast which means that the sales of breakfast cereal ought to diminish. However the increased number of single person households and the number of people aged above 55 means that the need for convenience as well as health food is still there though the customer segment has changed. ? Italy – The breakfast cereal market in Italy has been always very dynamics with ready-to-eat cereals accounting for almost 98% of the market value. The target customer segment has been mostly women who are both health conscious as well as fast to eat. This means that the breakfast cereal market is not expected to reduce in near future. (Mintel, 2004) PART II INDIVIDUAL COMPANY REPORT: KELLOGG’S Introduction Kellogg’s brand is one of the most unique brands in the world. This is because it is one of the most famous breakfast cereal brands and along with being a market leader the brand as been around for as long as anyone can remember – to be precise since 1906. Kellogg’s was in fact responsible for bringing about a breakfast revolution in America from the initial heavy hot foods such as port of beef accompanied by starch items to cereals made from various grains. Kellogg’s Corn Flakes with Will Kellogg’s familiar red signature on the box have become a staple of the American households since the 20th century. The paper presents the market analysis of this pioneering company. History Kellogg Company was formed when production of Kellogg’s Corn Flakes ® about a century ago. The company was started by John Harvey Kellogg, with only 44 employees in Battle Creek, Michigan in 1906. He named the company as Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company and named his younger brother Will K Kellogg as the president of the new company. The cartons of the company carried the bold and famous legend â€Å"None genuine Without the Signature – W. K. Kellogg† in simulated script. This Will Kellogg’s independent business career began at the age of 46. John Kellogg was unwilling to advertise the company’s products and wanted them to be used only for his patients (he was the head physician and supervisor at the Battle Creek Sanitarium which was a very well known health spa found by the Seventh-day Adventists). Will however wanted to market their products more widely with the result that one of the patients who tasted the flakes set out to reproduce them; the company which would later become the General Foods Corporation. The brothers clashed on this issue and Will Kellogg gained absolute control of the company. The company began production at the rate of 33 cases a day. Will aggressively promoted his company and product, with its first full-page ad in the Ladies’ Home Journal. In its first year the company shipped 175,000 cases of cornflakes, a number with reached more than one million by 1909. Within five years Kellogg’s Corn Flakes had found their way into the majority of kitchens across America with an advertising budget of one million dollars. Will Kellogg was know to use ingenious advertising campaigns which reflected a type of inspired commercial evangelism, perhaps rooted in his Seventh Day Adventists background (Ingham, 1983, p. 698-699). The worldwide expansion of the company began in 1914, and by 1938, it had plants in England and Australia. When WK Kellogg died in 1951, the company tried and succeeded in introducing several new products, the most famous of which was the introduction of Pop Tarts in 1964. Till 1979 the company saw increase in its market share, which declined in the period between 1979 and 1983 from 42 percent to 38 percent. The market itself had become mature showing only a 25 growth rate which was 7 percent a decade earlier. The company then started to diversify in to products such as nutria-bars and Rice Krispies, and by 1985 had regained its market share of 42 %. The 1990s saw a change in lifestyle where customers started turning away from breakfast cereals and went in for hand snacks such as bagel, muffins or doughnuts. General Mills started closing in the market share gap with Kellogg’s with successful product launches and in 1998 overtook declining Kellogg for the first time. , with a market share of 32% as against the 32% market share of Kellogg. However, Kellogg was still the world market leader with a net market share of 40% (Thomson Martin, 2005: 149-150) By the year 2001, Kellogg diversified into cookies with the acquisition of Keebler. Today, Kellogg Company employs more than 26,000 people. The products are manufactured in about 19 countries and sold in 180 countries across the world (Kellogg). Organization Kellogg has a huge network of global manufacturing and marketing units. The company manages this by dividing its operations into two segments United States and International. The International segment is further divided into Europe, Latin America, Canada, Australia, and Asia The company food choices include more than 1500 products that are manufactured in 59 facilities across the world (Kellogg).

Essay --

Murray, Joshua HST 456 Exam One February 21, 2014 Thomas, Sabrina Short Answer # 1 Due to an immense fear of South Vietnam falling prey to the Communist powers of The People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union, The United States government enacted various refugee, military and economic policies to create a self-sufficient democratic nation-state in South Vietnam. In an attempt to diversify South Vietnam’s economy, The United States initiated the Commercial Import Program (CIP) which started in January of 1955, in which the United States assisted South Vietnam in the growth of industrialization and commerce through economic aid, consumer imports and supporter through middle class Vietnamese. The goal was to create a self-sufficient free market in South Vietnam beyond agricultural products long after the United States intervention was over. The next policy to aid the South Vietnamese was called the Agroville Program which was established to protect and urbanize rural Vietnamese people to increase support for the Diem regime by relocating them from their lands to secure built communities. This policy had huge repercussions as it did not aid anti-communist support but increased Communist favor in rural Vietnamese as some Vietnamese people felt forcibly relocated to the land that they were ancestrally bound too. In order to ensure South Vietnam had an effective military to combat North Vietnam and the Communist forces such as China which supplied automatic weapons, the United States sent the Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) which provided military advisors to the South Vietnam government, assisting them with information on military tactics and efficient training skills. Short Answer #2 John F.... ...nd engaging in full scale military engagement in Vietnam was a rash decision as it contained little investigation and inadequate research on the battle techniques of the Northern Vietnamese before engaging. Altogether, President Johnson’s response and executed action towards the events occurring in Southeast Asia were rash, rushed and researched. His elitist attitude towards the power that the United States held compared to the â€Å"guerilla† forces of the Viet Cong created a mentality that the United States would easily suppress the opposing forces as they were the dominant world power; however Johnson neglected major elements of geopolitical situations and warfare style needed to be successful. President Johnson had a chance to withdraw from Vietnam after Kennedy’s assassination but chose to escalate the situation that had been brewing since the Truman administration.

Crossing Brooklyn Ferry Essay

Ferry is considered one of the greatest lyrical poems of all time. In Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, Walt Whitman uses connotative diction, prying questions, and critical reader engagement to convey a feeling of connection and unity of people through time. By using these certain rhetoric strategies, Whitman creates a piece of poetry that seems to be timeless. Whitman carefully chooses certain words and phrases that really highlight his intentions to connect himself and others readers throughout time. In part 2 of the poem, Walt chooses the words â€Å"simple† and â€Å"compact† to describe a â€Å"scheme† in which we are all â€Å"disintegrated†. These words, precise and carefully chosen, attribute to the great lyricism of the poem. A scheme that is simple is a scheme that we can all live by. And a compact, simple scheme connotes togetherness. Whitman continues to say we’re all disintegrated, but part of the scheme. Being disintegrated could also means we are all little pieces of the same body, or scheme Another simple rhetoric strategy imposed by Whitman to convey a sense of unity between he and the reader is reader engagement. Whitman involves and engages the ready by asking the reader questions, and relating to the reader. By effectively asking questions, Whitman suggest to readers from past and future times that maybe there is not much that separates them. â€Å"What is it then between us? What is the count of scores or hundreds of years between us? The use of these rhetoric strategies are just a few the devices that makes Walt Whitman’s â€Å"Crossing the Brooklyn Ferry† a timeless masterpiece.

How Vaccines Don t Cause Autism - 849 Words

Knott 1 Ethan Knott Engrish 9 2 June 2016 How Vaccines don’t cause Autism Imagine this, you have had your first child. You want to protect your child at all costs. Your child is young and innocent and you want them to be protected from all illnesses. The doctor asks if you want your child to be vaccinated. You do a search about the risks from getting vaccinated and you learn that it supposedly can cause autism. Even though you know that you want your child to live a healthy life Imagine this, you have had your first child. You want to protect your child at all costs. Your child is young and innocent and you want them to be protected from all illnesses. The doctor asks if you want your child to be vaccinated. You do a search about the risks from getting vaccinated and you learn that it supposedly can cause autism. Even though you know that you want your child to live a healthy life, you don’t want to possibly give them autism. The question still remains, do vaccines cause autism? Knott 2 People who say that vaccines cause autism have no scientific evidence backing them up. This old wives tale has been spread by mouth for many years and people believe it. People believe it so much that 2.1 million American children are not vaccinated. That might not seem like a very large number, but once 1 person has the illness it can be transferred on to people. Around 90 percent of newborns are vaccinated but these vaccines are rendered useless if just 1 person has the illness. The CDCShow MoreRelatedThe Outbreak Of The Measles1659 Words   |  7 Pages An outbreak of the measles in the United States has sparked controversy in the autism world today. Contrary to previous theories, the measles vaccination is not a leading component to the cause of this disease. One in sixty-eight children in the United States are entering this world with Autistic Spectrum Disorder today, a thirty percent increase from the one in eighty eight percent two years ago. This disease is unquestionably one of the worst and most confusing disabilities out there. So, despiteRead MoreShould Children Vaccinated Be Vaccinated?946 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that 25 states don t require homeschooled children to be vaccinated? Or that 19 offer philosophical exemption? Just by filling out a few forms parents can prevent their child from receiving life saving immunization. It should be required of all parents, whose children are able, to have their child vaccinated. It protects not only the child, but other non-vaccinated people around him/her. Also it s a perfectly safe procedure. Finally, it has saved many lives and would save many moreRead MoreAnti Vaccination : A Dangerous Movement1331 Words   |  6 Pagesput themselves at risk, but other innocent children. A family with a young girl returns to the US from Kenya. They are Anti-Vaccine. 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In Tennessee, residents can refuse vaccines because of a religious reason. Many other states also allow their residents to refuse vaccines for religious and philosophical reasons (National Vaccine Information Center). Because